endophytic squamous proliferation

• 8 September 2023

Proliferative leukoplakia: proposed new clinical diagnostic criteria. 2015;119(6):67583. Mitotic activity is low and is confined to the lower third of the epithelium. Likewise, Ki-67 positivity is mainly observed in the basal layer.28 Absence of HPV may be confirmed by PCR-DNA sequencing, in situ hybridization, or immunohistochemistry.24,25,28,30, Infection by high-risk HPV, most commonly HPV 16 and less commonly HPV 18, 31, 33, 45, 51, 52, and 59 amongst others, causes undifferentiated intraepithelial neoplasia (-IN) of the vulva, vagina, penis, scrotum, and anus.3842 These HPV-related squamous intraepithelial lesions may be subclassified into warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid types by histopathologic features. The increased growth and resilience is likely caused by the endophytes ability to improve plant nutrition or secondary metabolite production, as in the case of Phoma eupatorii's inhibition of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans. [16] Studies have also shown that during experimental circumstances endophytes contribute significantly to plant growth and fitness under light-limited conditions, and plants appear to have increased reliance on their endophytic symbiont under these conditions. Characterization of initial/early histologic features of proliferative Would you like email updates of new search results? TP53; atypical squamous nodule; keratoacanthoma; p53; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous proliferation. [28] One group of fungal endophytes are the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi involving biotrophic Glomeromycota associated with various plant species. Fitzpatrick SG, Honda KS, Sattar A, Hirsch SA. Endophytic fungi are ubiquitous to plants and are mainly members of Ascomycota or their mitosporic fungi, and some taxa of Basidiomycota, In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. Krishnan L, Karpagaselvi K, Kumarswamy J, et al. Malignant transformation risk of oral lichen planus: a systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted J Cutan Pathol. 2019;96:12130. Verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Class 4 endophytes are restricted to plant tissues below ground and can colonize much more of the plant tissue. WebAtypical squamous proliferation: what lies beneath? Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: An Expert Triple therapy with intralesional 5-fluorouracil, chemowraps, and acitretin: A well-tolerated option for treatment of widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas on the legs. Differentiated exophytic vulvar intraepithelial lesion Condyloma acuminatum. Head Neck Pathol. 2013;18(3):e4113. Although endophytic bacteria and fungi are frequently studied, endophytic archaea are increasingly being considered for their role in plant growth promotion as part of the core microbiome of a plant. Squamous volume15,pages 572587 (2021)Cite this article. When the fungus is in the plant it synthesizes ergoline alkaloids at a higher rate, compared to when it is grown apart from the plant. Surgery. B, Many of the papillae have pointed tips surmounted by church spire parakeratosis. However, this view has been challenged by the frequent detection of HPV in giant condylomas but rarely in verrucous carcinomas.24,25 As in ordinary condyloma acuminatum, giant condylomas usually harbor HPV 6 and 11.24 Recurrence rate is high,21 and malignant transformation to invasive SCC has been reported in more than 50% of cases, most commonly in HIV-positive patients.20,21 Not surprisingly, coinfection with high-risk HPV has been demonstrated in carcinoma ex giant condyloma acuminatum.26, The microscopic features of giant condyloma acuminatum are similar to those of its ordinary counterpart except for its large size and more florid excrescences. This neoplasm typically frisingense. B, Parakeratosis is compact with a characteristic orange hue or peach color. 2004;33(2):6570. J Oral Pathol Med. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: recognition and differentiation from conventional leukoplakia and mimics. Demonstration of HPV 2 or other nongenital HPV types in the absence of HPV 6 or 11, either by in situ hybridization or by PCR-DNA sequencing, would support a diagnosis of VV and exclude condyloma acuminatum.6872. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the [11][12], Endophytes may benefit host plants by preventing other pathogenic or parasitic organisms from colonizing them. Rapidly progressive squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with Vulvar seborrheic keratosis: is there a relationship to human papillomavirus? J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;170(5):103947. Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous [68] Epichlo endophytes are being widely used commercially in turf grasses to enhance the performance of the turf and its resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Feller L, Wood NH, Raubenheimer EJ. [73] Despite this, the interest and use of bio-insecticides and using endophytes to aid in plant growth is increasing as organic and sustainable agriculture is considered more important. Mod Pathol. frisingense. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. The papillae have mostly rounded tips and prominent fibrovascular cores. [32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. Learn More Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath? Endophytic fungi may be from Hypocreales and Xylariales of the Sordariomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) class or from the class of Loculoascomycetes. Because histopathologic findings can vary in women with multiple SCC lesions, from keratoacanthoma-like to well-differentiated SCC, we hypothesized that TP53 variants might shed light on the appropriate classification. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. Head Neck. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. WebFollow-up ranged from 15 to 73 months. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a proposal for diagnostic criteria. The tumor base is round and noninfiltrative. The histopathologic features of epidermolytic acanthoma frequently raise suspicion for condyloma acuminatum or VV to the untrained eye. A, This lesion demonstrates verruciform acanthosis and marked hyperkeratosis. A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. [71] Endophytes accomplish this by increasing the uptake of valuable land limited nutrients from the soil such as phosphorus and making other plant nutrients available to plants such as rock phosphate and atmospheric nitrogen which are normally trapped in forms that are inaccessible to plants. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: diagnosis, management and current advances. 1. Compact hyperkeratosis often fills the spaces between the verrucous projections (Figure 3, A).24,25,37 Fibrovascular cores tend to be thin and inconspicuous relative to the hypertrophic epithelium. Clinically, warty and warty-basaloid HSIL and invasive SCC may mimic condyloma acuminatum when discrete papillomatous papules or plaques are present.44, On histopathology, warty HSIL and SCC mimic condyloma acuminatum by their verruciform architecture, conspicuous fibrovascular cores, and koilocytosis (Figure 4, A). 2019;215(12):152670. [64][65] Two fusarubin derivatives: anhydrofusarubin and methyl ether of fusarubin were isolated from endophytic fungus Cladosporium sp. Vulvar acanthosis with altered differentiation: a precursor to verrucous carcinoma? These features should prompt a closer inspection for xanthomatous (foam) cells, which are confined to the dermal papillae (Figure 9, C). This expert consensus guideline has been developed with support and endorsement from the leadership of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and the North American Society of Head and Neck Pathologists to recommend the use of standardized histopathologic criteria and descriptive terminology to indicate three categories of lesions within PVL: (1) corrugated ortho(para)hyperkeratotic lesion, not reactive; (2) bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive; and (3) suspicious for, or squamous cell carcinoma. Classification of PVL lesions based on a combination of clinical findings and these histologic descriptive categories is encouraged in order to standardize reporting, aid in future research and potentially guide clinical management. These categories are based on the endophyte's genetics, biology, and mechanism of transmission from host to host. The disseminated form most frequently affects genital skin, particularly the scrotum and the vulva.7375 The lesions are skin-colored or whitish papules with a smooth or verruciform surface, frequently confused with condyloma acuminatum clinically.74,76 Multiple reports have confirmed the absence of HPV in epidermolytic acanthomas,73,76,77 although 1 reported case of scrotal epidermolytic acanthoma tested positive for HPV 16 when using a highly sensitive HPV DNA chip.78 It is possible that HPV was an incidental finding, rather than a pathogenic agent, in this isolated case. Natarajan E, Woo SB. Solitary epidermolytic acanthoma: a clinical and histopathological study, Inherited nonsyndromic ichthyoses: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, Histopathologic varieties of epidermal nevus: a study of 160 cases, Linear epidermolytic verrucous epidermal nevus of the male genitalia, Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis associated with melanocytic nevi: a report of 53 cases, Incidental cutaneous reaction patterns: epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, acantholytic dyskeratosis, and hailey-hailey-like acantholysis: a potential marker of premalignant skin change, Case of isolated epidermolytic acanthoma: Genetic and immunohistochemical analysis, Epidermolytic acanthoma of the genitalia does not show mutations in KRT1 or KRT10, Epidermolytic acanthomas: clinical characteristics and immunohistochemical features, Vegas (verruciform genital-associated) xanthoma: a comprehensive literature review, Vulvar verruciform xanthoma: ten cases associated with lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, or other conditions, Verruciform xanthoma of the penis: a rare benign lesion that simulates carcinoma, Verruciform xanthoma in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and immunohistochemical study, Characterization of verruciform xanthoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, Cutaneous verruciform xanthoma: a report of five cases investigating the etiology and nature of xanthomatous cells, Verruciform xanthoma in the setting of cutaneous trauma and chronic inflammation: report of a patient and a brief review of the literature, Verruciform xanthoma: a clinical, light microscopic, and electron microscopic study of two cases, Kristine M. Cornejo, MD, Lloyd Hutchinson, PhD, Patrick O'Donnell, DO, Xiuling Meng, MD, Keith Tomaszewicz, BS, MT(ASCP), Sara C. Shalin, MD, PhD, David S. Cassarino, MD, May P. Chan, MD, Timothy R. Quinn, MD, Paul B. Googe, MD, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, MD, Ridhi Sood, MBBS, MD, Debajyoti Chatterjee, MBBS, MD, DM, Pinaki Dutta, MBBS, MD, DM, Bishan Dass Radotra, MBBS, MD, MAMS, PhD, Gurpal Bisra, MMOR, MSc, BASc, Brigette Rabel, MLT, Nick van der Westhuizen, MB, FRCPC, Jing Wang, MD, PhD, Yan Peng, MD, PhD, Hongxia Sun, MD, PhD, Phyu P. Aung, MD, PhD, Erika Resetkova, MD, PhD, Clinton Yam, MD, MS, Aysegul A. Sahin, MD, Lei Huo, MD, PhD, Qingqing Ding, MD, PhD, Abha Goyal, MD, Christine N. Booth, MD, Rhona J. Souers, MS, Sana O. Tabbara, MD, Janie Roberson, SCT(ASCP), Michael R. Henry, MD, Kaitlin E. Sundling, MD, PhD, Kelly Goodrich, CT(ASCP), Lananh Nguyen, MD, Mohammed Amer Swid, MD, Liping Li, MD, Erin M. Drahnak, BS, Hayden Idom, BS, William Quinones, MD, Jianhong Li, MD, Myra L. Wilkerson, MD, Fang-Ming Deng, MD, Haiyan Liu, MD, Adesola A. Akinyemi, MD, MPH, Ansa Mehreen, MD, Kathy A. Mangold, PhD, MaryAnn Regner, MS, John M. Lee, MD, PhD, Linda M. Ernst, MD, MHS, Si Chen, MMed, Zhigang Mao, MMed, Shuang Wang, MMed, Jiamin Deng, MMed, Hongyan Liao, PhD, Qin Zheng, PhD, Monica Sanchez-Avila, MD, Khalid Amin, MD, Aastha Chauhan, MD, Zhuo Geng, MD, Shawn Mallery, MD, Dale C. Snover, MD, This site uses cookies. Marginal linear gingival leukoplakia progressing to ring around the collaran ominous sign of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Objective: Pathol Res Pract. [22] Specifically, evidence points to endophytes producing ABA to affect stomatal conductance as well as microbial respiration and plants recycling CO2. 2019;13(1):4755. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). and transmitted securely. [42] These four groups are divided into clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 1) and non-clavicipitaceous endophytes (Class 2, 3, and 4). The endophytes can survive most pesticides and are even resistant to some fungicides, and are very suitable for use in Integrated Pest Management. Fungal hyphae have been seen growing either flattened or wedged against plant cells. 2018;12(4):50010. To facilitate unified nomenclature across subspecialties, the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) work group has recommended a 2-tier system for all HPV-associated noninvasive squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL).43 It is optional to further classify LSIL and HSIL as -IN 1 and -IN 2 or 3, respectively, according to the specific sites.43 Although HSIL is synonymous with SCC in situ and Bowen disease, the latter terminologies are best avoided in pathology reporting for the purpose of consistency. The lesions demonstrated the spectrum of histologic features described in PVL, and in some cases, patients developed oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

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